解剖学和形态学
麻醉学
听力与言语-语言病理学
行为科学
心脏和心血管系统
细胞和组织工程学
临床神经病学
危重症监护医学
牙科,口腔外科和医学
皮肤病学
急诊医学
内分泌学和新陈代谢
肠胃学和肝脏学
老人病学和老年医学
卫生保健科学和服务
血液学
免疫学
传染病
综合和补充性医学
医学伦理学
医学信息学
医学实验室技术
医学,全科和内科
医学,法律
医学,研究和试验
神经系统科学
护理
营养学和饮食学
产科医学和妇科医学
肿瘤学
眼科学
整形外科学
耳鼻喉科学
病理学
儿科学
周围血管疾病
药理学和药剂学
生理学
基本医疗保健
精神病学
公共、环境和职业卫生
放射学,核医学和医学成像
康复学
生殖生物学
呼吸系统
风湿病学
运动科学
外科学
毒理学
热带医学
泌尿学和肾脏学
病毒学
老年医学
健康政策和服务
心理学,临床
abstract::Injury to the mammalian spinal cord is accompanied by a delayed, secondary wave of oligodendrocyte apoptosis that arises several days after the initial injury. A strong candidate to support oligodendrocyte survival after spinal cord injury is the pleiotropic cytokine, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). In vitro, LIF po...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20177
更新日期:2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Our knowledge of astroglia and their physiological and pathophysiological role(s) in the central nervous system (CNS) has grown during the past decade, revealing a complex picture. It is becoming increasingly clear that glia play a significant role in the homeostasis and function of the CNS and that neurons should no ...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20213
更新日期:2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a potent and broadly acting neurotrophic factor that protects neurons in various types of cultured neurons against glutamate excitotoxicity and induced-apoptosis. Some of the effects of PEDF reflect specific changes in gene expression, mediated via activation of the transcri...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20171
更新日期:2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination involve dramatic changes in cell signaling pathways, gene expression patterns, cell shape, and cytoskeletal organization. In a pilot study investigating CNS angiogenesis, oligodendrocytes were intensely labeled by antisera directed against the C-terminal of Tie-2, a 140-...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20175
更新日期:2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Synemin, a very unique type VI intermediate filament (IF) protein, exhibits alternative splice variants termed alpha and beta. Unlike other IF proteins, synemin binds to actin-associated proteins, including alpha-actinin, vinculin, and alpha-dystrobrevin. Our previous work has demonstrated the presence of synemin in d...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20158
更新日期:2005-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::Inwardly rectifying K+ (Kir) channels have been implicated in the mediation of retinal K+ homeostasis by Muller glial cells. To assess possible involvement of altered glial K+ channel expression in ischemia-reperfusion injury, transient retinal ischemia was induced in rat eyes. Acutely isolated Muller cells from posti...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20151
更新日期:2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::We demonstrate that there are significantly more p75 neurotrophin receptor- (NTR)-expressing cells in olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) primary cultures from olfactory nerve rootlets (ONR), but a greater proportion of O4 antigen- and PSA-NCAM-expressing cells in parallel cultures from the nerve fibre layer of the olfac...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20154
更新日期:2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Oligodendrocytes (OL), cells that myelinate axons in the CNS, differentiate from early to late oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) to become mature OL. Unlike the case in the rodent brain, myelin formation starts prenatally in the human brain, but the sequence of OL development and the onset of myelination are not ...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20134
更新日期:2005-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Loss of axons is a major contributor to nonremitting deficits in the inflammatory demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS). Based on biophysical studies showing that activity of axonal sodium channels can trigger axonal degeneration, recent studies have tested sodium channel-blocking drugs in experimental autoimm...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20112
更新日期:2005-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::Glutamate transporters are involved in maintaining extracellular glutamate at a low level to ensure a high signal-to-noise ratio for glutamatergic neurotransmission and to protect neurons from excitotoxic damage. The mammalian retina is known to express the excitatory amino acid transporters, EAAT1-5; however, their s...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20097
更新日期:2005-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::Oxidative stress is the main cause of neuronal damage in traumatic brain injury, hypoxia/reperfusion injury, and neurodegenerative disorders. Although extracellular nucleosides, especially adenosine, are well known to protect against neuronal damage in such pathological conditions, the effects of these nucleosides or ...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20118
更新日期:2005-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::The cannabinoid signaling system is composed of cannabinoid (CB) receptors, their endogenous ligands, the endocannabinoids, and the enzymes that produce and inactivate them. It is well known that neurons communicate between each other through this signaling system. Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the main psychoactive c...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/glia.20084
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Astrocytes express gap junction proteins and multiple types of P2Y receptors (P2YRs) that contribute to the propagation of intercellular Ca(2+) waves (ICW). To gain access to the role played by gap junctional communication in ICW propagation generated by P2YR activation, we selectively expressed P2Y(1,2,4)R subtypes a...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20071
更新日期:2004-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::Neuropsin and protease M/neurosin are serine proteases expressed by neurons and glial cells, and serve a variety of functions in the central nervous system (CNS). The current study demonstrates changes in the expression of these proteases following hemisection of the mouse spinal cord. Within unlesioned spinal cord, n...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20058
更新日期:2004-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier is a feature of acute and chronic neurodegenerative changes, yet the relationship between astrocytes and the mature barrier remains unclear. We studied this role of astrocytes in vivo using a gliotoxin and evaluated changes in three vascular tight junction markers. Male Fisher F344...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20049
更新日期:2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1)/RTP/Drg1/Cap43/rit42/TDD5/Ndr1 is expressed ubiquitously and has been proposed to play a role in growth arrest and cell differentiation. A recent study showed that mutation of this gene is responsible for hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy-Lom. However, the role of this g...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20037
更新日期:2004-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article reviews how the uptake of neurotransmitter by glial amino acid transporters limits the spatial spread of transmitter to preserve the independent operation of nearby synapses, temporally shapes postsynaptic currents, and regulates the effects of tonic transmitter release. We demonstrate the importance of a...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/glia.20027
更新日期:2004-08-15 00:00:00
abstract::The goal of this study was to investigate the reaction of the Müller cells to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Elevated IOP is one of the risk factors in glaucomatous retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration. Müller cells play an important role in retinal homeostasis. The reaction of Müller cells was examined by e...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20000
更新日期:2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The distribution of metallothioneins I/II in the mouse brain and their specific area distribution upon physical stress were studied. To induce physical stress, groups of mice were subjected to total darkness for different periods (2 weeks, 1 month, and 2 months). The concentration of metallothioneins, evaluated by imm...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20020
更新日期:2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::In myelinated axons, voltage-gated sodium channels specifically cluster at the nodes of Ranvier, while voltage-gated potassium channels are located at the juxtaparanodes. These characteristic localizations are influenced by myelination. During development, Nav1.2 first appears in the predicted nodes during myelination...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20008
更新日期:2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Inflammatory changes have been found in Parkinson's disease, in humans intoxicated with the parkinsonian toxin MPTP, and in animal models of the disease. However, it is still not known whether inflammatory changes are responsible for active nerve cell death or if they have a protective role against neurodegeneration. ...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20015
更新日期:2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sciatic nerve explants cultured either alone or in the presence of peritoneal macrophages were used to study prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and 6-keto-PGF(1alpha) production following traumatic peripheral nerve injury. Although barely detectable at early time points (1-3 h in vitro), the production of PGE(2) and 6-keto-P...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.10349
更新日期:2004-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::Transient global ischemia induces CA1 hippocampal neuronal death without astrocyte death, perhaps mediated in part by the toxic translocation of zinc from presynaptic terminals to postsynaptic neurons. We tested the hypothesis that cellular depolarization, which occurs in the ischemic brain due to increased extracellu...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.10313
更新日期:2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::We first classified 12 malignant glioma cell lines into three different groups (types 1-3) with respect to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression and analyzed each group based on the different expression status of the class II transactivator (CIITA) gene. Glioma type 1 (2 of 12) showed constitutive...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.10343
更新日期:2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Galactosylceramide (GalC) and its sulfated analogue, sulfatide, are major galactosphingolipid components of myelin and oligodendrocyte plasma membranes in the nervous system. We previously hypothesized that these galactolipids play functional roles in the regulation of oligodendrocyte terminal differentiation by actin...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.10327
更新日期:2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chronic glial activation in neurodegenerative diseases contributes to neuronal dysfunction and neuron loss through production of neuroinflammatory molecules. However, the molecular mechanisms, particularly the signal transduction pathways involved in glia-dependent neuron death, are poorly understood. As a first step ...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.10314
更新日期:2004-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::Microglia are considered the only cell population of mesodermal origin in the brain, although their role is not fully understood. The present study demonstrated that rat primary microglial cells expressed nestin, A2B5, and O4 antigens, which are markers for oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Based on these findings, we ...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.10306
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microglia can be isolated with high purity but low yield by shaking off loosely adherent cells from mixed glial cultures. Here we describe a new technique for isolating microglia with an average yield close to 2,000,000 microglial cells/mouse pup, more than five times higher than that of the shaking method. Confluent ...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.10274
更新日期:2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Human glioblastoma is a highly lethal tumor known for its capability of interfering with effective antitumor immune responses. Costimulatory signals are of critical relevance in both the inductive and effector phases of immune responses. Inducible costimulator-ligand (ICOSL), a member of the B7 family of costimulatory...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.10291
更新日期:2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neuronal-glial interactions are important for normal brain function and contribute to the maintenance of the brain's extracellular environment. Damage to glial cells following traumatic brain injury (TBI) could therefore be an important contributing factor to brain dysfunction and neuronal injury. We examined the earl...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.10283
更新日期:2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Astrocytes play an important role in neuroprotective responses. Recent studies indicate that endothelin-1, a neuropeptide upregulated during brain injury, increases levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide, a lipid with neuroprotective properties, in astrocytes in primary cultures. However, whether this neuropeptide a...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.10270
更新日期:2003-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the expression and regulation of the L-cystine transporter, system x(c) (-), in Müller cells. In this study, newly developed conditionally immortalized rat Müller cell lines (TR-MUL) from transgenic rats harboring the temperature-sensitive SV 40 large T-antigen gene we...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.10253
更新日期:2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::When the brain is damaged, astrocytes often cause hyperplasia resulting in glial scar formation at the injured sites. Endothelins (ETs) have been shown to be involved in the pathophysiologic responses of astrocytes, including proliferation. In this study, we examined the mechanisms underlying the ET-induced astrocytic...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.10240
更新日期:2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Persistence of radial glia within the adult central nervous system is a widespread phenomenon among fish. Based on a series of studies in the teleost species Apteronotus leptorhynchus, we propose that one function of this persistence is the involvement of radial glia in adult neurogenesis, i.e., the generation and fur...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/glia.10236
更新日期:2003-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Inflammatory demyelinating disorders of the CNS, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), are mediated, at least in part, by various cytokines and proteases. In the present study, we investigated the expression of A disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM)-17, an important sheddase for various proteins, including tumor necros...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.10226
更新日期:2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this study, we investigated the involvement of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the brain of the dystrophin-deficient mdx mouse, an experimental model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). To this purpose, we used two tight junction markers, the Zonula occludens (ZO-1) and claudin-1 proteins, and a glial marker, th...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.10216
更新日期:2003-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Propagation of intercellular calcium waves (ICW) between astrocytes depends on the diffusion of signaling molecules through gap junction channels and diffusion through the extracellular space of neuroactive substances acting on plasmalemmal receptors. The relative contributions of these two pathways vary in different ...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.10197
更新日期:2003-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::The mannose receptor is a pattern-recognition receptor involved in innate and adaptive immunity. The receptor is mainly expressed by macrophages and, within the brain, by astrocytes and microglia. This study reports for the first time the effects of two classical proinflammatory (interferon-gamma, IFNgamma) and anti-i...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.10196
更新日期:2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is increasing evidence that chemokines, specialized regulators of the peripheral immune system, are also involved in the physiology and pathology of the CNS. It is known that glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) express various chemokine receptors like CCR1, -3, -5, and CXCR4. We have investigated the possible...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.10156
更新日期:2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hypotonic challenge induces transient swelling in glial cells, which is typically followed by a regulatory volume decrease (RVD). In contrast, lactic acidosis (lactacidosis) induces persistent cell swelling in astrocytes without an accompanying RVD. In the present study, we studied the mechanisms by which lactacidosis...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.10190
更新日期:2003-02-01 00:00:00